Components of a Speech: Main Points, Introduction, Conclusion, and Transitions

A speech should have four components: 
the main points, introduction, conclusion, and transitions.

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

Name the different components of a speech

KEY POINTS

Composing a speech is different from writing an essay. Write with listeners in mind, not readers.
The bulk of a speech is different from the body of an essay. An essay is a careful, detailed scaffold that builds points over multiple pages, whereas a speech should stick to a few overarching points or themes.
Public speakers can emphasize transition points with visual aids, body language, vocal delivery, and transitional words and phrases.

TERM

transition
The process of change from one form, state, style, or place to another.


FULL TEXT

Components of a Speech: Main Points, Introduction, Conclusion, and Transitions

A speech is more than simply an essay that is read aloud. Listening to a speaker is inherently different from reading a page, and public speakers should keep that difference in mind as they prepare their work.

A traditional academic essay consists of an introduction, a body with alternating concrete details and commentary, and a conclusion. The role of the introduction and conclusion are similar in speeches and essays, but the "body" is a different matter. Break free of the essay mindset, and try to think of a speech as the sum of four components: the main points, introduction, conclusion, and transitions. What's the difference? Read on to see what is special about the components of a speech.

Main Points

Thinking of "main points" rather than a "body" can help speakers remember to keep it simple. A restless audience may not have patience for the predictable, orderly progression of concrete details and commentary that is typical in the body of an academic essay. Above all, communicate a few important points!

Introduction

The introduction should get the audience's attention, describe the topic, state the thesis or purpose, and give an overview of the speech and its main points. Open with a detailed map of your speech--giving good directions in the beginning will save your audience from getting lost along the way.

Conclusion

The conclusion should summarize main points and state a strong thesis. Remember that many people struggle with auditory learning, and consequently have trouble focusing on spoken words. Your listeners may not put everything together on their own, so you should make it easier for them by summarizing your argument and reviewing central ideas in the conclusion.

Transitions

A transition is a change or shift from one topic to another. It may be surprising to see that transitions are one of the four key components of a speech. Academic writers tend to think of transitions as important stylistic elements rather than essential building blocks. However, transitions are crucial for public speakers, since speakers need to compensate for the loss of visual formatting. On a written page, formatting provides a helpful road map: the reader sees topic headings, paragraph breaks, and other visual cues that signal transitions naturally. Speakers can replicate these cues and signal transitions using visual aids and body language, but it will take more conscious effort than simply hitting "enter" to create a paragraph break. Speakers can emphasize transition points with visual aids, body language, vocal delivery, and transitional words and phrases.

Visual Aids for Transitions

Visual aids such as slides and handouts are a great way to guide the audience through your transitions. A slide or handout with topic headings printed on it is a good road map for a speech, preparing the audience for any twists and turns that may come up.


Transitioning Together

Effective transitions will help the audience follow your speech as it moves from topic to topic.
A picture of arrows all pointing in the same direction.

Transition Words and Phrases

These words and phrases signal a change, giving the audience a "heads up" about an upcoming transition:

Connecting:
additionally
also
again
moreover
furthermore
coupled with
for example
for instance
likewise
similarly
specifically
indeed
in fact

Contrasting:
however
although
but
nevertheless
on one hand
on the other hand
besides
yet
on the contrary
conversely
comparatively

Concluding:
overall
above all
therefore
thus
accordingly
consequently
in conclusion
finally
in essence

in other words
in short

Ref. https://www.boundless.com/communications/textbooks/boundless-communications-textbook/organizing-and-outlining-the-speech-10/principles-of-organization-51/components-of-a-speech-main-points-introduction-conclusion-and-transitions-204-1634/

http://www.englishforeveryone.org/

EAPP - WRITING A POSITION PAPER 2020

“Ten gods cannot change the opinion of one fool, especially if another fool agrees with him.”

ABRAHAM MILLER

Pol Sci Professor

Political Theorist

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

•define a position paper CS_EN11/12A-EAPP-IIa-d-1;

•determine the structure of Position Paper; and

•participate actively in the given activities.

Position Paper

qis an essay or written report that presents a person’s attitude, options, and intentions about a specific issue.

qis sometimes called a point-of-view paper.

qis a one-side argument about a certain issue and presents such argument in an organized manner.

ARGUMENT

•A fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true

•A controversy or debatable issue

•A main idea or thesis presented in a text, and for which the author will present evidence throughout the text.

•The Purpose: To Convince or Persuade

Developing an Argument

•Use evidence to support your position

•Validate your position with authoritative references or primary source quotations.

•Examine the strengths and weaknesses of your position.

•Evaluate possible solutions and suggest courses of action.

CONCLUSION INDICATORS AND PREMISE INDICATORS OF AN ISSUE

SAMPLE ARGUMENTS

A) Research has shown that people who do at least 30 minutes a day of vigorous exercise reduce their risk of heart disease and some forms of cancer. 2) It would be wise for you to begin a daily program of exercise.

•Argument: Yes.

•Conclusion: 2.

•Premises : 1

•Issue: Whether you should begin a daily program of exercise

B) Two teenagers saw the movie, "Natural Born Killers," and went out on a killing spree. 2) A number of teenagers who have committed violence at schools have spent many hour playing video games filled with murder and violence. 3) We must have some stricter controls on the content of entertainment that is viewed by teenagers.

•Argument? Yes

•Conclusion: 3

•Premises: 1, 2

•Issue: Whether we must have stricter controls on the content of entertainment that is viewed by teenagers.

C) We must resist all effort to allow the government to censor entertainment. 2)Freedom of speech and expressions are essential to a democratic form of government. 3)As soon as we allow some censorship, it won't be long before censorship will be used to silence the opinions critical of the government. 4) The next thing we know, we will have no more freedom like in Marcos Martial Law.

•Argument: Yes, the writer is trying to convince me that we must not allow the government to censor entertainment.

•Conclusion: 1

•Premises: 2,3,4

•Issue: Whether to resist all efforts to allow governmental censoring.

Issue Criteria

To take a side on a subject, you should first establish the arguability of a topic that interests you. Ask yourself the following questions to ensure that you will be able to present a strong argument:

1. Is it a real issue?

2. Can you identify at least two distinctive positions?

3. Are you personally interested in advocating one of these positions?

4. Is the scope of the issue narrow enough to be manageable?

REMEMBER: POSITION PAPER

Ø      Can use any of the other essay form like definition, description, and cause and effect, evaluation, argument or problem solution.

PARTS OF A POSITION PAPER

1.Introduction

2.Body

   a. Counterarguments/   Counterclaims

   b. Your Argument

3. Conclusion

Introduction

Ø  Introduce the topic

Ø    Provide Background of the topic

Ø    Assert the thesis (your view of the issue)

Counterarguments

Ø   Summarize the counter claims

Ø    Provide supporting information for counterclaims

Ø    Refute the counter claims

Ø    Gives evidence for the argument

Your Argument

ØGive your educated and informed opinion

ØProvide proof using more than one source

Conclusion

ØRestate your argument

ØProvide a plan of action but do not introduce new information.

Parts of a Position Paper (IBC) 

    I.  INTRODUCTION

•clearly identifies the issue and state the author’s position.

 II.  BODY

•Presents an idea or main concept that clarifies a portion of the position statement and is supported by evidence or facts.

 III.  CONCLUSION

•Summarizes the main concepts and ideas and reinforce, without repeating, the introduction or body of the paper.

  GROUP WORK / APPLICATION/ASS.

DIRECTIONS: WRITE A POSITION PAPER ON A MANILA PAPER. PRESENT BEFORE CLASS TOMORROW.

TASK: PICK 1 AND WRITE A POSITION PAPER ON A BONDPAPER FOLLOWING THE STRUCTURE LEARNED.

1.       Banning of school uniforms in Senior High Schools

2.       Legalization of the same-sex marriage in the Philippines

3.       Free Monthly Allowance for College students

4.       Free cell phone load in the Philippines

RUBRIC & REQUIREMENTS:

Ø  Encoded, Courier New, size 12, A4.

Ø  THESIS AND INTRODUCTION: 20

Ø  ARGUMENT (SUPPORT): 10

Ø  CONCLUSION: 10

Ø  REFERENCES/CITATION: 10

Ø  GRAMMAR & MECHANICS: 10

                               TOTAL: 60

Peer Critiquing

Directions: Each group will evaluate the work of the other group using the rubric - .position-paper-rubric1.doc

ASSIGNMENT: NOTEBOOK TASK

  Identify ten (10) situations in which a position paper may be effectively used in our present society.

  NO same answer. Same answer/ situation = No point•

BEYONDER’S ALPHABET

THE MALINCHE BY LAURA ESQUIVEL

THE MALINCHE BY LAURA ESQUIVEL

•Summary: 

In Malinche Laura Esquivel reimagines the relationship between the Spaniard Hernán Cortés and the Indian woman Malinalli, his interpreter and mistress during his conquest of the Aztecs. Malinalli meets Cortés and, like many, including the Aztec King Montezuma, suspects that he is the returning forefather god of their tribe, Quetzalcoatl. She assumes that her task is to welcome Cortés/Quetzalcoatl and help him destroy the Aztec empire and free her people, but she gradually comes to realize that Cortés's thirst for conquest is all too human. 

Throughout Mexican history,Malinalli has been reviled for her betrayal of the Indian people. But recent historical research has shown that her role was much more complex. She was the mediator between two cultures, Hispanic and Native American, and three languages, Spanish, Mayan, and Náhuatl. She was also a slave, trying to rebel against the barbarous culture of her masters -- the Aztecs. But her loyalty was to her own people, whom she was trying to set free. 

Laura Esquivel challenges the traditional mythology through a character-driven portrait of the Adam and Eve of mestizo culture, Cortés andMalinalli, with the backdrop of the fall of the Aztec Empire. Told with the lyricism of the Náhuatl song tradition and pictorial language, she gives us a creation myth of the new world hybrid culture and a legendary affair. 

WRITING A POSITION PAPER

WRITING A POSITION PAPER

The following material explains how to produce a position paper (sometimes called a point of view paper). A template is provided that outlines the major parts of a good position paper.  Keep in mind, however, that this is just a guide. Talk to your TAs about their individual expectations. Your TAs may want you to include some criteria that do not appear in this outline. Make sure you check with them.

Like a debate, a position paper presents one side of an arguable opinion about an issue. The goal of a position paper is to convince the audience that your opinion is valid and defensible. Ideas that you are considering need to be carefully examined in choosing a topic, developing your argument, and organizing your paper. It is very important to ensure that you are addressing all sides of the issue and presenting it in a manner that is easy for your audience to understand. Your job is to take one side of the argument and persuade your audience that you have well-founded knowledge of the topic being presented. It is important to support your argument with evidence to ensure the validity of your claims, as well as to refute the counterclaims to show that you are well informed about both sides.

Issue Criteria

To take a side on a subject, you should first establish the arguability of a topic that interests you. Ask yourself the following questions to ensure that you will be able to present a strong argument:

 Is it a real issue, with genuine controversy and uncertainty?

 Can you identify at least two distinctive positions?

 Are you personally interested in advocating one of these positions?

 Is the scope of the issue narrow enough to be manageable?

Analyzing an Issue and Developing an Argument

Once your topic is selected, you should do some research on the subject matter. While you may already have an opinion on your topic and an idea about which side of the argument you want to take, you need to ensure that your position is well supported. Listing the pro and con sides of the topic will help you examine your ability to support your counterclaims, along with a list of supporting evidence for both sides. Supporting evidence includes the following:

 Type of Information

Type of Source 

 How to find these sources

introductory information and overviews

directories, encyclopedias, handbooks

Use the Library catalogue

in-depth studies

books, government reports

Library catalogue, Canadian Research Index, Government web sites

scholarly articles

academic journals 

Article indexes

current issues

newspapers, magazines 

Article indexes

statistics

government agencies and associations

Statistics Canada, Canadian Research Index, journal articles

position papers and analyses

association and institute reports

Library catalogue, web sites

Many of these sources can be located online through the library catalogue and electronic databases, or on the Web. You may be able to retrieve the actual information electronically or you may have to visit a library to find the information in print. The librarian’s presentation on October 10th after your mid-term exam will assist in your orientation of the SFU library.

** You do not have to use all of the above supporting evidence in your papers. This is simply a list of the various options available to you. Consult your separate assignment sheet to clarify the number and type of sources expected.

 

Considering your audience and determining your viewpoint

Once you have made your pro and con lists, compare the information side by side. Considering your audience, as well as your own viewpoint, choose the position you will take.

Considering your audience does not mean playing up to the professor or the TA. To convince a particular person that your own views are sound, you have to consider his or her way of thinking. If you are writing a paper for a sociology professor/TA obviously your analysis would be different from what it would be if you were writing for an economics, history, or communications professor/TA. You will have to make specific decisions about the terms you should explain, the background information you should supply, and the details you need to convince that particular reader.

In determining your viewpoint, ask yourself the following:

Is your topic interesting? Remember that originality counts. Be aware that your professor/TA will probably read a number of essays on the same topic(s), so any paper that is inventive and original will not only stand out but will also be appreciated.

Can you manage the material within the specifications set by the instructor?

Does your topic assert something specific, prove it, and where applicable, propose a plan of action?

Do you have enough material or proof to support your opinion?

Organization 

Sample Outline

I. Introduction 

___A. Introduce the topic 

___B. Provide background on the topic to explain why it is important

___C. Assert the thesis (your view of the issue). More on thesis statements can be found below.

Your introduction has a dual purpose: to indicate both the topic and your approach to it (your thesis statement), and to arouse your reader’s interest in what you have to say. One effective way of introducing a topic is to place it in context – to supply a kind of backdrop that will put it in perspective. You should discuss the area into which your topic fits, and then gradually lead into your specific field of discussion (re: your thesis statement).

II. Counter Argument 

___A. Summarize the counterclaims 

___B. Provide supporting information for counterclaims 

___C. Refute the counterclaims 

___D. Give evidence for argument

You can generate counterarguments by asking yourself what someone who disagrees with you might say about each of the points you've made or about your position as a whole. Once you have thought up some counterarguments, consider how you will respond to them--will you concede that your opponent has a point but explain why your audience should nonetheless accept your argument? Will you reject the counterargument and explain why it is mistaken? Either way, you will want to leave your reader with a sense that your argument is stronger than opposing arguments.

When you are summarizing opposing arguments, be charitable. Present each argument fairly and objectively, rather than trying to make it look foolish. You want to show that you have seriously considered the many sides of the issue, and that you are not simply attacking or mocking your opponents.

It is usually better to consider one or two serious counterarguments in some depth, rather than to give a long but superficial list of many different counterarguments and replies.

Be sure that your reply is consistent with your original argument. If considering a counterargument changes your position, you will need to go back and revise your original argument accordingly.

For more on counterarguments visit: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/argument.html

III. Your Argument 

___A. Assert point #1 of your claims 

_____1. Give your educated and informed opinion 

_____2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three) 

___B. Assert point #2 of your claims 

_____1. Give your educated and informed opinion 

_____2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three) 

___C. Assert point #3 of your claims 

_____1. Give your educated and informed opinion 

_____2. Provide support/proof using more than one source (preferably three)

You may have more than 3 overall points to your argument, but you should not have fewer.

IV. Conclusion 

___A. Restate your argument 

___B. Provide a plan of action but do not introduce new information

The simplest and most basic conclusion is one that restates the thesis in different words and then discusses its implications.

 

Stating Your Thesis

A thesis is a one-sentence statement about your topic. It's an assertion about your topic, something you claim to be true. Notice that a topic alone makes no such claim; it merely defines an area to be covered. To make your topic into a thesis statement, you need to make a claim about it, make it into a sentence. Look back over your materials--brainstorms, investigative notes, etc.--and think about what you believe to be true. Think about what your readers want or need to know. Then write a sentence, preferably at this point, a simple one, stating what will be the central idea of your paper. The result should look something like this:

Original Subject: an important issue in my major field 

Focused Topic: media technology education for communication majors

Thesis: Theories of media technology deserve a more prominent place in this University’s Communication program

Or if your investigations led you to a different belief:

Thesis: Communication majors at this University receive a solid background in theories of media technology

It's always good to have a thesis you can believe in.

Notice, though, that a sentence stating an obvious and indisputable truth won't work as a thesis:

Thesis: This University has a Communication major.

That's a complete sentence, and it asserts something to be true, but as a thesis it's a dead end. It's a statement of fact, pure and simple, and requires little or nothing added. A good thesis asks to have more said about it. It demands some proof. Your job is to show your reader that your thesis is true.

Remember, you can't just pluck a thesis out of thin air. Even if you have remarkable insight concerning a topic, it won't be worth much unless you can logically and persuasively support it in the body of your essay. A thesis is the evolutionary result of a thinking process, not a miraculous creation. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading the essay assignment. Deciding on a thesis does not come first. Before you can come up with an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the beneath-the-surface significance of these relationships. After this initial exploration of the question at hand, you can formulate a "working thesis," an argument that you think will make sense of the evidence but that may need adjustment along the way. In other words, do not show up at your TAs office hours expecting them to help you figure out your thesis statement and/or help organize your paper unless you have already done some research.

For more information regarding thesis statements visit: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/thesis.html

 

Writing with style and clarity

Many students make the mistake of thinking that the content of their paper is all that matters. Although the content is important, it will not mean much if the reader can’t understand what you are trying to say. You may have some great ideas in your paper but if you cannot effectively communicate them, you will not receive a very good mark. Keep the following in mind when writing your paper:

Diction

Diction refers to the choice of words for the expression of ideas; the construction, disposition, and application of words in your essay, with regard to clearness, accuracy, variety, etc.; mode of expression; and language. There is often a tendency for students to use fancy words and extravagant images in hopes that it will make them sound more intelligent when in fact the result is a confusing mess. Although this approach can sometimes be effective, it is advisable that you choose clear words and be as precise in the expression of your ideas as possible.

Paragraphs

Creating clear paragraphs is essential. Paragraphs come in so many sizes and patterns that no single formula could possibly cover them all. The two basic principles to remember are these:

1)   A paragraph is a means of developing and framing an idea or impression. As a general rule, you should address only one major idea per paragraph.

2)   The divisions between paragraphs aren’t random, but indicate a shift in focus. In other words you must carefully and clearly organize the order of your paragraphs so that they are logically positioned throughout your paper. Transitions will help you with this.

For further information on paragraph development visit: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/paragraphs.html

Transitions

In academic writing your goal is to convey information clearly and concisely, if not to convert the reader to your way of thinking. Transitions help you to achieve these goals by establishing logical connections between sentences, paragraphs, and sections of your papers. In other words, transitions tell readers what to do with the information you present them. Whether single words, quick phrases or full sentences, they function as signs for readers that tell them how to think about, organize, and react to old and new ideas as they read through what you have written.

Transitions signal relationships between ideas. Basically, transitions provide the reader with directions for how to piece together your ideas into a logically coherent argument. They are words with particular meanings that tell the reader to think and react in a particular way to your ideas. In providing the reader with these important cues, transitions help readers understand the logic of how your ideas fit together.

LOGICAL RELATIONSHIP

TRANSITIONAL EXPRESSION

Similarity

also, in the same way, just as ... so too, likewise, similarly

Exception/Contrast

but, however, in spite of, on the one hand ... on the other hand, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, in contrast, on the contrary, still, yet

Sequence/Order

first, second, third, ... next, then, finally

Time

after, afterward, at last, before, currently, during, earlier, immediately, later, meanwhile, now, recently, simultaneously, subsequently, then

Example

for example, for instance, namely, specifically, to illustrate

Emphasis

even, indeed, in fact, of course, truly

Place/Position

above, adjacent, below, beyond, here, in front, in back, nearby, there

Cause and Effect

accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus

Additional Support or Evidence

additionally, again, also, and, as well, besides, equally important, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, then

Conclusion/Summary

finally, in a word, in brief, in conclusion, in the end, in the final analysis, on the whole, thus, to conclude, to summarize, in sum, in summary 

For more information on transitions visit: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/transitions.html

 

Grammar and Spelling

You must make certain that your paper is free from grammar and spelling mistakes. Mechanical errors are usually the main reason for lack of clarity in essays, so be sure to thoroughly proof read your paper before handing it in. For help with common errors in grammar and usage consult the following websites:

http://www.sfu.ca/~gmccarro/Grammar/Grammar.html http://ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/index2.htm http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/

 

Plagiarism and academic honesty

Plagiarism is a form of stealing; as with other offences against the law, ignorance is no excuse. The way to avoid plagiarism is to give credit where credit is due. If you are using someone else’s idea, acknowledge it, even if you have changed the wording or just summarized the main points.

To avoid plagiarism, you must give credit whenever you use

another person's idea, opinion, or theory;

any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings--any pieces of information--that are not common knowledge;

quotations of another person's actual spoken or written words; or

paraphrase of another person's spoken or written words.

In addition to plagiarism, SFU has policies regarding other forms of academic dishonesty. For more information on SFU’s policies regarding academic honesty consult your undergraduate calendar or http://www.sfu.ca/policies/teaching/t10-02.htm. If any of the University’s policies are not clear you must ask your professor or TA for clarification. Again, ignorance is no excuse.

 

 

SOURCES

The information included in the document “Writing a Position Paper” was adapted from the following sources:

Guilford, C.(2001). Occasions for Argumentative Essays. Writing Argumentative Essays. Retrieved August 26, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.powa.org/argufrms.htm Previously adapted from: Hairston, M. (1982) A Contemporary Rhetoric (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Northey, M. (1993). Making Sense: a student’s guide to research, writing, and style (3rd ed.). Toronto: Oxford University Press.

UHWO Writing Center (1998) Writing a Position Paper. Retrieved August 26, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://homepages.uhwo.hawaii.edu/~writing/position.htm

UNC-CH Writing Center (2000). Constructing Thesis Statements. Writing Center Handouts. Retrieved August 26, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/thesis.html

UNC-CH Writing Center (2000). Effective Academic Writing: The Argument. Writing Center Handouts. Retrieved August 26, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/argument.html

UNC-CH Writing Center (2000).  Paragraph Development. Writing Center Handouts. Retrieved August 26, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/thesis.html

UNC-CH Writing Center (2000).  Transitions. Writing Center Handouts. Retrieved August 26, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/thesis.html