COMPARISON AND CONTRAST -as pattern of development

COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
-as pattern of development

Ø  It’s an essay about two topics (ideas, people, or things).

•       Compare

             -   To identify the similarities between two things.

•       Contrast

                   - To identify the differences between two things.

SIGNAL WORDS

FOR COMPARISON:

Ø   in the same way

Ø  By the same token

Ø  Similarly

Ø  In like manner

Ø  Likewise

Ø  In similar fashion

FOR CONTRAST 

Ø  yet / and yet

Ø  Nevertheless

Ø  Nonetheless

Ø  After all

Ø  But

Ø  However

Ø  Though

Ø  Otherwise

Ø  On the contrary

Ø  In contrast

Ø  Notwithstanding

Ø  On the other hand

Steps when writing a Comparison and Contrast Essay:

1.       Have an introduction
2.       Include a thesis statement
3.       Support your thesis throughout the essay
4.       Include all points of comparison and contrast
5.       Add specific details and examples
6.       Have a conclusion.

A Comparison/Contrast Essay can be organized in 2 ways:

1. Block Organization/Style - A 4-PARAGRAPH ESSAY

2. Point-by-point Organization/Style - A 5-PARAGRAPH ESSAY - each point of comparison becomes the topic of a paragraph

BY 3’SDirections: 

Compose a Comparison and Contrast Paragraph/Brief Essay about one of the following topics. Write it on a whole sheet of paper. (15 minutes)

a. Jose Rizal and Andres Bonifacio

b. Employment here in the Philippines and Overseas employment

c. Public Market selling and Online selling

d. Growing a tree and Raising a Child

e. Facebook and Newspaper

EXEMPLIFICATION AS PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT (PARAGRAPH/ESSAY)

Exemplification

•means "giving examples”. 

•a.k.a. Illustration or "making ideas clearer by giving examples or by using diagrams or pictures".

•is simply proving your point or thesis with examples. 

It uses a list of:

•Facts  

•Events

•Statistics

•People

•Samples

•Quotations

•Anecdotes (brief stories)

•Other kinds of specific items to make a general statement more understandable, more clear, and/or more convincing.

Exemplification is used in all disciplines. 

•Political Science: define a republic and give examples

•Literature: analyze a symbol giving examples from a text to support your analysis

•Art: Describe a movement in art history and give examples of specific works to illustrate the movement

Features of Exemplification

1.Topic sentence or main idea

2.More vivid examples to prove the point to be true

3.Use transitional words and phrases that signal examples

Logical Order

In an exemplification essay, the most common order 

is EMPHATIC ORDER: Least to most.

Transitional expressions that indicate 

illustration and phrases that signals 

examples:

•For instance

•Another instance of

•For example

•Another example of

•To illustrate

•Another illustration of

•A case in point is

•Here are a few examples

•Some instances

•One such in particular

•Yet another

•One illustration of this idea

•But, through, etc.

Types of Examples 

1.Examples that illustrate - use 

concrete examples to illustrate 

an idea.

2.Examples that explain - give an 

explanation to illustrate a concept.

3.Examples that tell a story - use a 

short story to illustrate a point.

4.Examples that describe - use 

examples to make help the reader 

visualize a scene or a thing.

Length of Examples

Brief. Appear frequently within the 

essay, and function as concrete 

examples of straightforward ideas.

Extended. Contain more details 

because extended examples 

function as concrete illustrations of 

ideas that are too complex to be 

made clear by a brief example. 

EXAMPLE:

  

(TopicSentence) 

     Sometimes children must 

perform important 

tasks within the family.  

Children can be of great 

assistance to their parents and 

other family members. 

  (First Example) For example, 

they may help by cleaning the 

household, washing dishes, 

taking care of pets, or through 

doing other chores. By doing 

these tasks, children are doing 

their part in the family and 

learning how to be responsible 

and prepare for life. 

  (Second Example)Another 

example of children performing 

important tasks is the help they 

provide the parents while the 

parents are busy or working; 

the children might bring the 

parents something they need or 

answer the phone while the 

parents are busy. Children doing 

chores are helping take stress 

off their parents even by doing 

simple tasks such as taking out 

the trash. 

  (Final Example) A final 

example is that as children get 

older, they may do more 

important tasks for the family, 

such as baby-sitting siblings, 

getting groceries, and mowing 

the lawn.(Conclusion) These 

chores all help the family 

greatly and teach children 

valuable life lessons.

DEFINITION: A TECHNIQUE IN EXPANDING THE MEANING OF A CONCEPT

DEFINITION: A TECHNIQUE IN EXPANDING THE MEANING OF A CONCEPT

2 GENERAL BASES OF DEFINITION

ØThe Denotative Definition is based on the LITERAL definition of a word.

ØThe Connotative Definition is  the FIGURATIVE/EMOTIONAL/ SYMBOLICAL meaning.

DEFINITION “I will expand you”

vThe process of explaining a word, an object, or an idea.

vThe mode of paragraph development that answers the questions: What is it? What are its special features?

Techniques in Defining a Term

FORMAL DEFINITION

 a term is define by:

1. giving the class or kind (genus) where the word/term belongs and

2. the characteristics that distinguish the term from the terms known as differentia

*EXTENDED DEFINITION

- use to define abstract concept that allows one to broaden the definition.

A. FUNCTION + EXAMPLE

B. ETYMOLOGY

C. COMPARISON/ CONTRAST

D. DESCRIPTIONS

E. RESULTS/EFFECTS

Components of Definition Writing

1. Thesis Statement

2. Explanation of the thesis

3. Examples of the Thesis

DESCRIPTION AS PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT...

DESCRIPTION
     - as Pattern of Development

DESCRIPTION:

vThe process of describing or revealing something with details and specific images.

vGROW (1999) successful descriptions record a series of detailed observations.

RULES

ØIt is supported by vivid details that appeal to the reader’s senses – sensory order.

ØIt arranges ideas by location or physical space – uses words and phrases that signal spatial order.

Characteristics : 

1.Focus on specific participants

2.Use of Attributive and Identifying Processes

3.Use of adjectives

4.Frequent use of Epithets (nicknames, labels or description) and Classifiers in nominal groups

5.Use of simple present tenses.

These are just some of the building blocks!

SIMILE

ALLITERATION

PERSONIFICATION

ADJECTIVES

NARRATION AS PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING ACROSS DISCIPLINES

NARRATION:

vThe process of giving the particulars of an account or set of related events.

vstories or drama or cinema, or as a radio or television program, news or report.

PROCESS OF NARRATION:

Ø1. Choose an appropriate topic, which is a story.

Ø2. Support the thesis statement with enough details, which includes the elements of the story.

Ø3. Use transitional devices that signal time and order.

Characteristics :

1.Many based on common events from life

2.Key vocabulary often known

3.Cause and effect known

4.Concrete, real and simple concepts

5.May give insight for own life/interest

6.Purpose is to entertain or share experience

7.Chronological structure